Elements Of National Philosophy Of Education

Elements Of National Philosophy Of Education Education in Malaysia is a continuing process towards further effort in developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner; so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving a high level of personal well being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the society and the nation at large. To achieve the standard of First Class Modal Insan, National Philosophy of Education has been implemented to perform high credibility in students in schools in Malaysia. The National Curriculum of the school reflects the objectives of National Philosophy of Education (NPE). By implementing the curriculum effectively in schools, it can develop the students cognitive, affective and psychomotor (physical) with other potentials (JERIS) in students. 2.0 National Philosophy of Education (NPE) National Philosophy of Education which in Malay called Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan (FPK) combines the goals, policies and educational practices to form a consistent, clear and logical entity. The National Philosophy of Education (NPE) acts as a guide for all educational activities in Malaysia. It sets the values and principles of the Malaysian education system from the primary to the tertiary level. The NPE explains the aims and objectives of the national education for the individual and the nation. Its aims and objectives are in tandem, namely, to produce individuals who are knowledgeable and full of integrity who will contribute as responsible citizens. NPE also aims to rationally clarify the current educational practices as well as facilitate the actions and trends of education in the future. Education is considered to be a basic and major process in developing individuals to be the key players in achieving the countrys aims and aspirations. With the NPE, the national education system has propelled to the forefront of education in the region. NPE consists of several elements to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, and physically balanced and harmonic. 2.1 Elements of National Philosophy of Education (NPE) Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, in order to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, balanced and harmoniously, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards and who are responsible and capable of achieving a high level of personal well being to contribute to the betterment of the nation, family and society. The first element of National Philosophy of Education (FPK) is education as an on-going effort. Education is a process of acquiring and transferring of knowledge, skills and noble values. The acquisition and transfer processes are on-going starting from an early age till the end of ones life. Early education is important to shape the personality of young children from the age of 1 to 6 years. The personality thus formed will go on developing throughout the schooling years. Upon completion of schooling, the individual continues to enhance his knowledge, skills and character. For instance, after SPM examination, while waiting for the result, the candidates can seek knowledge by attend photography classes or computer classes based on their interests. Continuous education will assist the individual to adapt to various types of changes. The second element of NPE is development of individual potentials. Every individual has been blessed by God with hidden talents, potentials and abilities. Therefore, talents, potentials and abilities should be tapped, nurtured, developed and enhanced through social interaction with others and the environment. For example, a student who does not like to study sat for an exam. The result went out and to her surprise, she is among the highest. She did not realize her intelligence before thus, education offers her opportunities to develop her talents, potential and abilities. The third element of NPE is belief in and obedience to God. One must admit the existence of God and accept Him as the Creator of mankind and the universe. We must be aware that God determines natures laws and phenomena. We should also be aware that every individual is fully responsible for his deeds and actions. For instance, Muslims people believe the existence of syurga and neraka. In order to get good reward in life hereafter, one must practice all the teachings of the faith professed. The fourth element of NPE is knowledgeable Malaysian citizens. It means that all Malaysian citizens must have love for knowledge. In order to achieve it, they must strive to foster knowledge and reading culture. For example, they can go to any bookstores such as Borders, MPH or POPULAR to read any reading materials regardless of its contents as long as they are reading. Ultimately, they will become a broad and open-minded person. All in all, it is crystal clear that if each and everyone in the education fraternity uphold the NPE in carrying out their tasks and responsibilities, inevitably, our educational goal will become reality and not only just a dream. Other important aspect is to foster the capability of Malaysian in contribution to the nation. Through proper education and training, people can use their productivity and innovation skill to upgrade their productivities to bring a higher level of economic development. Here it does not limited to industrial sector but other as well such as service sector that involves professionals such as doctors, lawyers and so on. Lastly the important aspects are harmony and the prosperity of society and nation. Racial harmony can be achieve through the practice of proper attitude such as tolerance, cooperation, mutual respect and foster unity among various races in Malaysia to promote the harmonious and peaceful of the nation. The harmonious environments will help in the development of the economy and advancement of all fields. Harmonious environment encourage investor to invest in our country and also the blooming of our tourism industry. 3.0 National Curriculum 3.1 KLSR, KBSR, KBSR (2), KSSR The National Curriculum also has been developed from KLSR (Old Curriculum) to KBSR (New Curriculum) then to KBSR (Integrated Curriculum) and the latest KSSR (Standard Curriculum) for primary schools. Old Curriculum for Primary Schools (KLSR) implemented since the country gained independence. In 1960, a Subjects Review Committee has been established to be known as the Rahman Talib Report as the Minister of Education at that time was Abdul Rahman Talib. This Committee was established to review the national education policy as proposed in the Razak Report made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹on tahun1956 and early education policy before that the Education Ordinance 1957. Rahman Talib reports have suggested some aspects of education. One of them was Malay as the main medium of instruction in all schools, including national-type Chinese and Tamil. KLSR has emphasized the concept of overall teaching whereby students just learn and accept what they have been taught and there was also no group activity held which made students became passive in class. A study was done by the Cabinet Committee on Old Curriculum for Primary Schools (KLSR) which has been implemented since independence; found that there are some weaknesses that must be overcome. Until one stage, the Report of the Cabinet Committee has decided to implement KBSR (New Curriculum) as the change to the improvements from KLSR on Implementation of Education Policy issued in 1979. Some of the objectives of KBSR are students have to master and appreciate the Malay language as the national language and as a tool for solidarity; emphasizes the mastery of basic skills 3M of reading, writing and arithmetic; students should be able to write essays and letters; also focuses on the development of the individual as a whole which includes the physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual and social (JERIS). Based on the stated matters, it was clear that the goal of education in primary schools KBSR is to ensure overall development of students in terms of intellectual, spiritual, physical, emotional, talent, character, values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and social aesthetics. Through co-curricular activities such as clubs, games and uniformed units, students are able to interact with different people, to understand the culture of other races, self-discipline, and can practice tolerance and cooperation with colleagues who have different religions and cultures. However, in KBSR, the syllabus content of subjects is repeated over and over and also was not related to each other. In terms of too many lessons to be completed, students finally became dull and not interested in learning. Then, KBSR was implemented. This KBSR was quite different than before because it stands for Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Rendah (Integrated Curriculum). The aims of KBSR are to raise the literacy level of students, to develop their cognitive and thinking skills and to provide them with an all-rounded individual development which will help them operate efficiently within the social structure of this country. The principles of KBSR are more towards integrated approach, equal education for all students, long-life learning, conducive learning surroundings, organizational activities and classroom management must be flexible, emphasize and master on 3M (reading, writing, arithmetic) and integrated assessment of all learning activities in the classroom. While the methodology used in KBSR are; the spiral approach, learning through doing variety of activities, a child-centered, learner-emancipated learning system, the role of the teacher as a guide, and facilitator of learning. However, through this integrated curriculum, some students are ended by being passive, not active in group activities, unable to polish their skills and abilities as they are hidden by the active and dominant students. On the year 2011, Standard Curriculum for Primary Schools (KSSR) is introduced as an effort to reorganize and improve the existing curriculum to ensure that students are provided with the knowledge, skills and values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹relevant to the current needs and challenges of the 21st century. Implementation of KSSR aims to increase student interest in the subject of English. KSSR enacted in standard statement consists of standards content and student learning to be achieved in a school level. KSSR are based on curriculum design of 6 cords which are communications, spirituality, attitudes and values, humanities, physical development and aesthetic, Science and Technology and personal skills. KSSR use the elements of creativity and innovation, entrepreneurship and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) explicitly focusing on 4M (reading, writing, counting and reasoning). For now, students in Standards 1 to 3 are using this curriculum while Standards 4 to 6 are still using KBSR. The objectives of KSSR are to create well rounded and innovative individuals; provide a holistic platform for learning, and to reduce over emphasize on academics. Besides, the strengths of KSSR are more towards practical, less stressful for teachers and students, better interaction between students and teachers, students can focus more on major subjects; Mathematics and Science and also students can spend more time on co-curricular activities. Through KSSR, students can be more independent, able to recognize and polish their skills and abilities, optimistic and knowledgeable. 4.0 Strategies for the Realization of NPE There are strategies for the realization of NPE. These strategies are to foster a culture of co-curricular activities among the students, provide chances and opportunities to the students to get involved actively in the curriculum activity through a diversity of extra-curricular activities, involve students in co-curricular activities of various races, promote a sense of religiosity and values in the extra-curricular activities, enhancing collaboration and partnerships with community and external agencies, extending and expanding the participation of students of activities curriculum at all levels, provide appreciation and recognition to students, teachers and coaches from time to time, improving efficiency in school curriculum management system, increase the proficiency of 3M , reasoning, social skills and basic computer skills, improving the management team of instructional leadership capacity school, provide assistance to the school and ongoing monitoring to ensure that no student dropouts from compulsory education from the low level. The purpose of the education policy in this country is to unite the children of all nations in the state in the national language as the medium of instruction, although this nothing can be implemented immediately unless should be made gradually. 4.1 Role of School School plays the important role in preparing, maintaining and managing the infrastructure so that students can obtain a smooth teaching and learning, optimal and secure. Preparation of blackboard, chalk and blackboard eraser is an example of the infrastructure provided by the school. In addition the school also needs to maintain facilities provided such as library and media room that is always in good condition. Perfect administrative control of the school environment also needs to be controlled and disciplined. Culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹should be incorporated in school through formal and informal curriculum. Quran Reading Culture is achieved through the implementation of the activities which are consistent. For example, Quran Reading Culture can be activated through activities such as Quran Tadarus Council. The color of school climate is very significant in the development of an individual. The influence of the family in the formation of the school besides the student personality is relevant to students academic success. Through an orderly school climate, controlled, calm and order that allows conducive environment to the effective teaching and learning process. Good social relationships between teachers, students, school staff and local community people will form a manifestation to NPE policy. 4.2 Role of Teachers FPN will not be executed if there is no party that wants to play their respective roles. Educators should also strive to make the intention contained in the Wawasan 2020 as a reality. Implementation of the curriculum co-curriculum can develop potential of students in terms of intellectual, physical and emotional. Teachers as educators should be more committed to achieve aspirations which contained in NPE. The related parties are; 4.2.1 Headmaster Edmond (1977), Sweeney (1982), Hussein Mahmood (1993) and Leithwood and Jantzi (1997) stresses that the headmaster should have sensitivity of talents and skills of teachers, share goals and make decisions, provide professional development training and high interaction to teachers. Headmaster important role is in enhancing the professionalism of the teacher to achieve school objectives more effectively and systematically. Headmaster of the school will always provide support and encouragement to teachers to create a better learning environment and attract students to learn. He must not only good at giving directions, but must also be well involved with and implementation of programs conducted in schools. Headmaster direct involvement with the school organization is very important in creating a school climate that is harmonious and peaceful and in line with the Philosophy of Education. In addition, the Headmaster also is a reference point of school organization. If there are school staffs who have a problem, he need to be aware of and concerned about them. A good leader will be able to understand the difficulties faced by employees. He needs to lighten hand and ready to help the staff who have the problem. High trait empathy should have in themselves as a leader to always be respected and liked by the schools community. Therefore, a good headmaster and respected by all members of the school, including the students should have good skills in performing their duties and responsibilities in managing the school administration. 4.2.2 Senior Assistant Senior Assistant (GPK) also plays an important role in the school. There are three types of teachers in each school senior assistant of GPK 1, co-curricular and HEM (Hal Ehwal Murid). GPK tasks are to facilitate the management and administration at the school. They are responsible to the Headmaster in administration, curriculum, management, teachers and non-teachers. Senior Assistant 1 plays an important role in helping teachers to implement the Philosophy of Education successfully. Senior Assistant of Co-curricular is responsible for implementing these philosophy intentions. Senior Assistant of Student Affairs is responsible for the eradication of discipline problems in school and takes care of the welfare of students. 4.2.3 Head of Department Teachers who appointed to be the chief committee usually are chosen based on their excellence in a particular subject. Each subject has a head of each committee. For example English committee will be headed by a chief leader of the English language committee. Chief committee is responsible for ensuring the excellence committee which headed by him. He will also need to prepare lesson plans for the committee and each teacher will refer to the lesson plans. The lesson plans shall be consistent in all schools in order to achieve the goals of the National Education Philosophy. Chief committee plans to improve student excellence in the field of management. The head of this committee plays a big role to advance the school subjects in order to achieve the National Education Philosophy. 4.2.4 Classroom Teacher Classroom teachers play a very important role in developing the pupils in school. Classroom teachers act as father or mother when the students in the school. Teacher must know the problem of each student so that they will not be disturbed with the learning session. Classroom teacher must guide their pupils in a good way of learning. For example, teachers need to provide support and encouragement to students in their class, to study hard in order to get good results. In conclusion, the classroom teacher is the people who students are depending on. This is because; the classroom teacher is close to the students. 5.0 Activity in School I have given a task to interview and deduct the idealistic of a headmasters and a senior assistants routine regarding 5 activities carried out in their school to visualize or insist the objective of NPE. To accomplish my task, I have made a survey at some schools in Alor Star, Kedah to review activities that they have held in their schools. I finally decided to choose Sekolah Rendah Convent, which is one of the best schools in Kedah. My presence there was very welcomed by teachers and students. The school community comprise of the school head, senior assistants, panel heads, class teacher and the students. Each of this position especially plays a very important role as a part of FPK. It is through the correct management of the various positions in the school only then the intellectual, physical, emotional, spiritual and social (JERIS) aspects of students can be fully developed. After interviewing the headmaster and senior assistant of the school, I managed to get some information to complete my task. School is the main stage in realization of NPE. The school plays an important role in providing the correct environment, holding different programs and activities and lastly the cooperation of the school community in managing their role in realizing the NPE. To accomplish the standard of National Philosophy of Education (NPE), schools have to prepare activities that occur in parallel with the curriculum used 5.1 Hari Keusahawanan/Hari Kantin First activity which had been held in the school is Hari Keusahawanan/ Hari Kantin. Canteen Day/Young Entrepreneur Day is a program that can enhance the cooperation between peers and students with hands on experience of the disciples on the business environment. The objectives of holding this Canteen Day is to give exposure to the students about learning and applying business methods they have learned in the classroom besides to raise funds from the sale for the school used such as to purchase textbooks and the balanced will be donated to the school library. Through these efforts the students can plan how to run a business and make a profit and loss calculation This activity usually held on the early month of March and is leaded by the Senior Assistant of Co-curriculum Affairs and is launched by the Headmaster of the school. This event usually took place at the open hall or at canteen itself. The reason why this event is held early in the year because it will not affect on students studies and there is also no current examinations held on that time. The structure of this event is a total of 30 stalls will be in operation on the day. Various stalls such as Burger Stall, Fried Chicken Stall, Miscellaneous Soup Stall, Nasi Lemak Stall, Fruit Stall, Various Drinks Stall, Stationery Stall, Students Accessories Stall and Packaged Foods Stall. The prices also are reasonable and affordable for the school community. There are also exciting games held on that day such as Ghost House, Indoor Games, and Karaoke. The response from the community has been encouraging. Parents are also participating on giving help to provide goods sold to students. Indeed, with the implementation of these activities has indirectly strengthened the relationship between parents, children, and teachers. The event usually started at 8.30 am and ended at 12.00 pm. Then, teachers and students will clean the stalls together. 5.2 Gotong-Royong Day Next activity is Gotong-royong Day. Usually this activity will be held early in the year like in January or February. It is headed by the selected teachers. This activity is actually to keep the school compound clean, beautiful and cheerful besides forming a new learning environment in the classroom, instill the moral values such as to love the environment, love the school, being helpful to each other, and also to keep awareness in students. Not only that, this activity also can make students to practice hygiene as habits, cultivate a caring attitude and commitment among the school about cleanliness and also to prevent from mosquito breeding. As results, the school environment will be clean, conducive, and free from mosquito breeding. This gotong-royong event had included along the cleaning area around the school, painting classrooms and planting trees. According to the view of the headmaster, this event could encourage students to clean and beautify their classrooms. The most beautiful class will be awarded. For painting sessions, the students were provided with a variety of paint and are divided according to their classes to do some mural paint. For planting, students can bring home flowers to be planted in the school. School landscape would be very fascinating if it be fitted with a fish pond, garden or other interesting decorations. Through this, students would have more interests to acquire knowledge and also on the environment itself. In addition, schools also need to run the 3K program. The 3K program means prioritizing cleanliness, beauty and safety. In this program, the school must ensure that its in a clean, beautiful and safe surrounding. This is because the school will always been checked and be supervised from time to time. Moreover, the Ministry of Education will make the monitoring at the school. This will catalyze the spirit of the school to ensure that the program successfully held. In conclusion, 3K program is very good to be practice at the school. This whole program runs successfully when the school communities work together for mutual assistance to each other. 5.3 Hari Anugerah Cemerlang Next activity is Hari Anugerah Cemerlang. This event is usually held on the month of July because it is the time tests and examinations have been given. The purpose of this award was to celebrate the success of students in examinations faced after struggling throughout the year. Various categories of awards were given to students who had successfully gained the best position in the class and the best gift for the subject. On top of that, the main objective of this event is actually to give recognition to students who demonstrate excellence and performance improvement studies. Council gives recognition for the success of all students beginning pre-school students through to year 6 students. Education Awards Day ceremony officiated by the Headmaster and accompanied by the Senior Assistant of student affairs. Council got an overwhelming response from parents and guardians. In this ceremony, the parents were entertained by small children perform dances, and antiphonal choirs. There is a lucky draw game, yet to feel the excitement of the event. Parents and guardians also donated rations of food and refreshments. 5.4 Teachers Day Next activity which is usually held every year is Teachers Day . This event usually held on 16th May every year as a tribute to teachers. On the day, teachers will be celebrated by the school community and also by the students. In Sekolah Rendah Convent school, there is a culture that has been practiced a long time ago when this special day arrive. Every teacher will wear a same colour of outfits on that day. Then, they will be escorted from the teachers room to the hall by students. On their way to the hall, their eyes will be covered by cloth and students will hold their hand and lead them to the hall. After arriving there, ceremony will be started. In this ceremony, teachers will sing Kami Guru Malaysia song and also continued with speeches by headmaster and teachers. There are also games for teachers and also performances by students. The objective of this event is to emphasize the role of teachers in nation building, national development and community service. On this day, students also will have the opportunities to give presents and appreciations to their favourite teachers. 5.5 Election Day The fifth activity which is important to the school function is Election Day (Hari Perlantikan Jawatan). This ceremony is important to give recognition to the Prefect School / Monitor / Assistant Head Class towards the implementation of responsibilities which entrusted by the school council. School prefects, monitor and assistant class are a respected group of students at the school. They are the chosen students who have good skills and excellence of the academic aspect, personality and curriculum. They also become the role models to other students. On top of that, the school also hopes that the shouldered position can train these students become effective leaders and be responsible and also to provide exposure of the challenges of life in future. Not only that, it is also to ensure these appointed students to be constantly motivated and confident with the position given. Due to this, the Appointment Day is held as a sign of the recognition of the committee. 6.0 Activity in Class 6.1 Convent F.M There are also activities in class which are related to the National Philosophy of Education (FPK). First, Convent F.M. This is actually similar to a DJ Radio program which is held in the schools library every year. This is one of the centres of attractions to make students come to the library. It involves students between standard 4 to standard 6. This DJ Radio program is not only in English language but also in Malay, Chinese and Arabian. There are also some days which discussing about Mathematics and Science subjects. The purposes of this program is to produce students who can communicate effectively, polish the student talents, build confidence in students facing the audience, increase vocabulary in English, Malay, Arabic and Chinese language and also increase knowledge in Science and technology. To train these students, a real DJ Radio will be practiced in class. They will pick up a topic and become the host of the day to discuss the topic in front of the class. After a lot of practices, they will be ready to be the real DJ in library and applying what they learn from their teachers in classroom. The best DJ will be awarded with prizes. This program also are fully supported by the students parents as its rarely be found in other school and through this activity, they could see their childrens potential and credibility. 6.2 Minggu Bahasa Next is Minggu Bahasa. This program is actually for the celebration of Bulan Bahasa Kebangsaan which means to unearth the talent of the students to be highlighted especially in the level of school, region, district, state and national. This could indirectly produce students to be courageous and confident with their own abilities. The individual targeted for this activity are all students from Standard 1 to 6. Among the contents which are prepared throughout this week are Story Telling Competition, Pantun, Youth Forum Competition and Debate Competition. These students will be practiced in class by teachers and the selected students will represent their classes to join the competitions. Prizes will be given to the winners in each competition to make them feel interested to join these competitions. With the availability of this month, students will understand and love the Bahasa Melayu as an important language and should be learned in depth. Not only that, this program also is to provide an opportunity for students to express their talents, test the students understanding of their knowledge related to Bahasa Melayu, encourage them to compete in a healthy way to get the best place, particularly in relation to language and produce students who are competent in the field of language. 6.3 Reading Corner Reading Corner is also practiced in each classroom in this school in order to generate a learning culture among students in the class. The concept of this Reading Corner once popularized by the library which currently become the source of information networks to access, collect, acquire and interpret knowledge among students. Reading center is a place for students to find information as well as to facilitate students to develop knowledge by using each of the services and facilities provided to improve achievement among them. The materials available here are reference books, magazines, photocopy materials and general brochures provided by teachers and students. The existence of this reading corner make students use every resource center to the maximum level even without visiting the library. The existence of the reading corner in the classroom is an effort to guide the students to interact with their peers. This will help to master students in the field of communication. The students can use reading corner for discussions on completing the process of teaching and learning by teachers. Therefore, most students will seek completion of the tasks given by the standa

Censorship in Public Schools Essay -- essays research papers fc

because he thinks they might contain "obscenities or offensive sexual references" (Berger 59). -A Vermont high school librarian is forced to resign because she fought the school board's decision to remove Richard Price's The Wanderers, and to "restrict" the use of Stephen King's Carrie and Patrick Mann's Dog Day Afternoon (Jones 33). -An Indiana school board takes action that leads to the burning of many copies of a textbook that deals with drugs and the sexual behavior of teenagers (Berger 61). These cases of censorship in public schools are not unusual and there is evidence that such challenges are increasing (Woods 2). These challenges are actually typical of the ones being leveled against school libraries today. These challenges can come from one person or a group concerned with the suitability of the material in question. In almost every case, the effort to ban books is said to be "justified by fear of the harmful effects that the books may have on young children" (Berger 59). The result of these censorship attempts has been two opposing sides: one side believes that "more suitable materials can usually be found from among the wealth of materials available on most subjects (Woods 1), and the other side believes that students' "intellectual freedom" can be upheld only if students are allowed to examine "any available relevant materials in order to gain the insights needed to reach their own conclusions" (Woods 1). In the simplest terms, the debate is between censorship and the freedom to read. The most important question when discussing censorship deals with its constitutionality; does censorship violate the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech? Censorship advocates actually use the words of the First Amendment to make their point; "the amendment reads, 'Congress shall make no law...", it does not say, "There shall be no law...'" (Berger 69). They believe that, although the federal government is forbidden to censor, it is not unconstitutional for states and local communities to pass censorship laws (Berger 69). Also, since the US Supreme Court does not believe the First Amendment protects all forms of expression (child pornography, etc.), then proponents of censorship believe that censorship laws are constitutional (Berger 69). Anti-censorship has the upper-hand, constituti... ...ensors react when they find anything they deem objectionable in the school. Why will people react emotionally, even violently, to certain spoken or written words, while in many cases having mild reactions to the actions described by the words? While D.H. Lawrence has seen considerable censorship due to his affinity for sexual content, Shakespeare has enjoyed relative peace even though Othello and his lover made "the beast with two backs" (I.I, 119-120). I, myself, will continue to struggle against the censors who seek to control written expression in our schools while waving the banner of freedom, for it is censorship that we must fear, not words, and hope that in the future, the true obscenities of the world (poverty, hunger, war) will be what we shall strive to censor. Works Cited Berger, Melvin. Censorship. New York: Franklin Watts, 1982. Jones, Frances M. Defusing Censorship: The Librarian's Guide to Handling Censorship Conflicts. Phoenix: The Oryx Press, 1983. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1945. Woods, L.B. A Decade of Censorship in America: The Threat to Classrooms and Libraries. London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1979

Lyle Week paper

This business model keeps costs low in shipping and inventory, but can see increased manufacturing sots because of the supply chain requirements involved in the custom fabrication of individualized orders. The case study begins with the investigation of the increased manufacturing costs that reached an alarming level in 2005. Case Study Question Responses The case study questions involve process analysis, decision-making, supply chain optimization, and root cause analysis. Because Dell Inc. Assembled a group of appointed experts with a division director leading the business process improvement, the data required to answer the questions is readily available in easy to use figures, tables, and charts. The increased manufacturing costs relate directly to the supply chain, and solutions to the supply chain and manufacturing problems for the company will result from the task team analysis. Examining the effects of the recommended changes resulting from the root cause analysis on the suppl y chain also provide valuable insights that may be applied to nearly any manufacturing process.Manufacturing Costs Identification Why does AL incur higher manufacturing and logistics costs than AL? Identify costs incurred by 15 and not by AL. Identify any costs incurred to only AL and not AL. Manufacturing a consumer ready PC from an L'S configuration versus an AL configuration requires the extra steps of installing the motherboard, and often the power supply. This increase costs because of the additional assembly costs, and supply chain issues related to the additional components.These supply chain issues include the quality Of components, forecast inaccuracies, the volatile demand of new product introductions, and the largest issue of suppliers not meeting delivery obligations. The steps involved in elevating an AL assembly to an AL incur the additional costs of all f these potential supply chain issues, and the costs of the additional components and assembly. The 1. 5 costs are r elatively stable because without the motherboard installed in the chassis, the chassis is in a state that could satisfy a wide variety of customer orders.Because of the associated costs of installing a customer-specified motherboard into a mature chassis, the transition to an AL chassis may spike manufacturing costs. Manufacturing Solutions Which of the six proposed manufacturing solutions should Dell implement based on survey results (Fig. 6-1 Why? What are the pros and cons of this commendation? Based upon the cost per box information and the survey results, option AAA -integration at supplier logistics center using Dell factory associates appears to be the best solution.The reasons behind this decision come from the information that option AAA has the lowest complexity score from the experts within the company, capital expenditure is low, cost per box is below the average of the options, and there is no impact to the current process. The pros of this option are that a minor chang e in the supply chain should provide a ready to customize chassis without sign incant cost per box increases. The cons are a minor capital expenditure, and hiring personnel to build the new chassis at the supplier logistics center.Chippies Supply Shortage What would you do if the chippies supply shortage further deteriorated? The supply of chippies is critical to competing a product, and the shortages account for more than 60% of the supply chain problems of elevating an AL chassis to an 1_6. The only real way to combat a known problem of this magnitude is to increase the safety stock of chippies. The small size should not create much of a storage problem, and the ability to keep the supply Hahn moving should cover the additional inventory costs.Methodology Analysis How good is the methodology employed by the Business Process Improvement (BPI) team to determine the optimum manufacturing option for Dell? Are there more effective approaches? A survey of experts within the survey area should yield a variety of ideas and feedback from a numerous viewpoints. The survey was an excellent choice, and I cannot think of a more effective approach. Supply Chain Changes What changes need to be made in the supply chain for Dell to effectively address the root causes contributing to the increase of AL manufacturing?What would be the effect of these changes? The changes should start with creating a reasonable safety stock of chippies to keep the supply chain operating. The next issue is checking or testing the quality of the motherboards before the installation Step so that developing a new forecast could yield a close to accurate supply. The final issue is proper demand forecasting for daily operations as well as new product introductions. The long lead times for components and volatile demand levels, ad to the increased manufacturing costs, and may decrease customer value in the longLearning Application run. What have you learned from this case study that you would be able to apply in an organization where you have previously worked or currently work? The department where I work produces a product that has a similar complexity that depends on multiple areas contributing elements of the final product that must be assembled in the correct order, and function as a complete unit – just like the Dell desktop PC. This case study illustrated the problems that we experience, and used a smart survey to gather feedback for informed decision-making.

Dissertation Topics a Piece of Advice on How to Choose One

One of the most common questions students are faced with when it’s time to write a dissertation is how to pick the most suitable topic for the project. The process can be pretty frustrating. You must commit at least to something, but how can you know you’ve made the right decision? In this article we will have a little conversation on what makes a good dissertation paper topic and how you can select the most suitable one to avoid problems later. What makes a good topic for the dissertation? In you think a bit about the future, your examiners will expect you to provide a thorough research which is: Original. Provided in the context of the detailed existing research within the field. Professionally performed. Once you decide to choose a thesis topic, make sure to take into consideration the following criteria. Originality Of course it’s a pretty hard task to choose a brand-new idea. Almost every theory or new discovery is usually based in the ideas that already exist but applied to a new problem. To astonish your examiners, make certain to focus on a specific outcome of the research that nobody has achieved before. Next – select a specific subject you’d like to investigate and that hasn’t been studied before in that particular niche. And finally, make sure to apply a new methodology. You can deal with the topic that has been widely investigated but you can conduct your research on the basis of your own methodology. Context You may have found a very interesting topic to work on, but, unfortunately, it’s not enough. Your task is to put it within the context in combination with the existing research. Thus you will make sure you’re a newbie in this segment. Of course, there is a possibility that someone else has already done before what you’re engaged now with. However, your results may turn to be far from what anyone else has discovered! How to choose a thesis topic? To cut the long story, there are some processes you have to face in order pick the right topic for your project: Generation of the topic idea. The process of testing. Editing and proofreading. Generation of the topic idea Rather than waiting for a bright idea to come, make sure to consider several. No need to choose the completely unique ones. Just start with one idea and then ponder over a couple of variations on its basis. Thus, you won’t face the pressure to pick the right topic in a flash and will be able to choose only one that will work magic! Testing This stage is an essential part of the whole process. Before you polish up your thesis topic, make sure to conduct a proper testing of all the ideas in your head for viability. Are you 100% sure that the paper is possible to write? What tools you are in need of to go about it? What is the simplest step you need to take in order to start the work and make sure if it’s possible? Testing may be based upon several aspects: Performing mini-investigations. Checking whether you will get an instant access to people, equipment or info needed to cope with the task. Studying the relevant information resources and interviewing experts. Editing and proofreading It is OK to work with various ideas, but make sure to do a little editing in order to make them viable. Besides, you may discover new ideas when crossing out the ones that failed the testing. Get good data Find solid information regarding the topic. No matter how fresh or old your topic is, the success will be based on getting good data. Make sure to correct or erase poor quality data. It may take some time to shape up your project, but even diamonds require proper cut, right?